LOCALIZATION   0?  BRAIN    TJHGTION 


SH3PH3RD  I   FRANZ 


REPRINTED   FROM 

VOL  VIII,    No,  4.  July,  1901, 

THE 

Psychological  Review 

EDITED  BY 

J.  MARK  BALDWIN  J.  McKEEN  CATTELL 

PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY  COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

AND 

H.  C.  WARREN 

PRINCETON  UNIVERSITY 

(Associate  Editor  and  £xsintsf  Managtr) 

WITH  THE  CO-OPERA  TION  OF 

ALFRED  BINET,  ECOLE  DES  HAUTES-ETUDES,  PARIS;  JOHN  DEWEY,  H.  H.  DONALD 
SON,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO;  G.  S.  FULLERTON,  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA; 
G.  H.  HOWISON,  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA;  JOSEPH  JASTROW,  UNI- 
VERSITY OF  WISCONSIN;    G.  T.   LADD,  YALE    UNIVERSITY;    HUGO 
MUNSTERBERG,  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY;   M.  ALLEN  STARR, 
COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS  AND  SURGEONS,  NEW  YORK  •,  CARL 
STUMPF,  UNIVERSITY,  BERLIN  ;   JAMES  SULLY, 
UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE,  IXWDON. 


UNIVERSITY  of  CALIFORNIA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


LOCALIZATION   OF   BRAIN   FUNCTION. 

BY   SHEPHERD   IVORY   FRANZ, 
Harvard  Medical  School. 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY, 

41  N.  QUEEN  ST.,  LANCASTER,  PA. 

66    FIFTH    AVENUE,    NEW    YORK. 

AGBNT:  G.   E.  STECHERT,  LONDON  (2  Star  Yard,  Carey  St.,  W.  C.); 

LEIPZIG  (Hospital  St.,  10) ;    PARIS  (76  rue  de  Rennes). 


Reprinted  from  THE  PSYCHOLOGICAL  REVIEW,  Vol.  VIII.,  No.  4,  July,  1901. 


LOCALIZATION   OF   BRAIN   FUNCTION.1 

1 .  Experimental  researches  upon  the  cerebral  localization  of  the 
tactile,  olfactory  and   gustatory  senses.     G.    ANDRIANI.     Ital. 
Cong,  of  Psychiatry,  1896. 

2.  Ueber  die  Enttuickelung  der  Rindencentren.    A.  BARY.    Arch, 
f.  Physiol.,  1898,  341. 

3.  Ueber  die  Lagc  der  motor ischen  Rindencentren  des  Menschen 
nach  Ergebnissen  faradischer  Reizung  derselben  bet    Gehirn- 
operationen.     W.  VON  BECHTEREW.     Arch.  f.  Physiol.,   1899, 
543- 

4.  Ueber  die  sensiblen  Functionen  der  sog.  motorischen  Rinden- 
zone  des  Menschen.  •  W.  VON  BECHTEREW.     Arch.  f.  Physiol., 

I900,   22. 

5.  Zur  vergleichenden  Physiologie  des  Grosshirns.     A.  BICKEL. 
Arch.  f.  d.  ges.  Physiol.,  1898,  LXXII.,  190. 

6.  Ueber  corticale  Reizung  der  Augenmuskeln.     R.  DU  Bois-REY- 
MOND  und  P.  SILEX.     Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  1899,  174. 

7.  A.  note  on  the  comparative  intellectual  value  of  the  anterior  and 
posterior  cerebral  lobes.     C.  CLAPHAM.     Journ.  Med.  Sci.,  1898, 
XLIV.,  290. 

8.  Cortical  motor  centres  of  the  Opossum.     R.  H.  CUNNINGHAM. 
Journ.  of  Physiol.,  1897-8,  XXII.,  264. 

9.  Beobachtungen  an  einem  Affen  mit  -verstiimmeltem  Grosshirn. 
F.  GOLTZ.     Arch.  f.  d.  ges.  Physiol.,  1899,  LXXVI.,  411. 

1  This  article  is  intended  to  give  a  brief  resum£  and  review  of  the  principal 
articles  upon  the  function  of  the  cerebrum  which  have  appeared  since  1895. 


419  LOCALIZATION  OF  BRAIN  FUNCTION. 

10.  Beitrag  zur  experimentellen    Analyse  coordinirter  Beivegun- 
gen.     H.  E.  HERING.     Arch.  f.  d.   ges.  Physiol.   1898,  LXX., 
559- 

1 1 .  Ueber  Hemmung    der    Contraction   ivillkurlicher  Muskel   bei 
electrischer  Reizung  der  Grosshirnrinde.     H.  E.  HERING  und  C. 
S.   SHERRINGTON.     Arch.  f.    d.   ges.  Physiol.,    1897,  LXVTIL, 

222. 

12.  Les  centres  moteurs  corticaux  du  cerveau  humain  determines 
d'apres  les    ejfets   de   I'excitation   faradique    des   hemispheres 
cerebraux  de  Vhomme.     L.  LAMARCQ.     Arch.  clin.  de  Bordeaux, 
1897,491,568. 

13.  Ueber  die  musikalischen  Centren  des  Gehirns.     W.  LARIONOW. 
Arch.  f.  d.  ges.  Physiol.,  1899,  LXXVL,  608. 

14.  Cortical    Localization    in     Ornithorhyncus.     C.    J.    MARTIN. 
Jour,  of  Physiol.,  1898-9,  XXIII,  383. 

15.  Sur  la    physiologic  du    corps   calleux   et   sur    les    moyens  de 
recherche  pour  r etude  de  la  fonction  des  ganglions  de  la  base. 

D.  Lo  MONACO.     Arch.  ital.  de  biol.,  1897,  XXVII.,  296. 

1 6.  Sur  la  physiologic  des  couches  optiques.    D.  Lo  MONACO.    Arch, 
ital.  debiol.,  1898,  XXX.,  198. 

17.  Recherches    experimcntales   sur   la    physiologic   de  la    couche 
optique.     J.  SELLIER  et  H.  VERGER.     Arch,  de  physiol.,  1898, 
XXX.,  706. 

1 8.  Les  hemianesthesies  capsulaires  experimentales.     J.  SELLIER  et 
H.  VERGER.     Jour,  de  physiol.  et  de  pathol.  g£ner.,  1899,  I.,  757. 

19.  Le  lobe  occipital  et  la  vision  mentalc.    J.  SOURY.    Revue  philos., 
1895,  XL.,  561 ;   1896,  XLL,  145,  285. 

20.  On  the  alleged  Sensory  Function  of  the  Motor  Cortex  Cerebri. 

E.  A.  SCHAFER.     Jour,  of  Physiol.,  1899,  XXIII.,  310. 

21.  Ueber  Rindenreizung  am  freilaufenden   Hunde  nach  J.  R. 
Ewald.     G.  A.  TALBERT.     Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  1900,  195. 

22.  Sur  les  mouvements  des  membres  produits  par  ^excitation  de 
r  hemisphere  cerebral  du  cote  correspondant.     E.  WERTHEIMER 
et  L.  LEPAGE.     Arch,  de  physiol.,  1897,  XXIX.,  168. 

23.  Ein  Beitrag  zur  Lehre  von  den  Beziehungen  ztvischen  Lage 
und  Function  im  Bereich  der  motorischen  Region  der-Grosshirn- 
rinde  mit  specieller  Riicksicht  auf  das  Rindenfeld  des  Orbicu- 
lar is  oculi.     TH.   ZIEHEN.     Arch.  f.  Physiol.,  1899,  J5^- 


PSYCHOLOGICAL   LITERATURE.  JpO 

Since  the  discovery,  about  iS£o,  that  the  cerebral  cortex  responds  to 
electrical  stimulation,  knowledge  of  the  function  of  the  various  parts 
of  the  brain  has  been  rapidly  accumulating.  This  method,  which  is 
of  value  only  for  the  determination  of  the  brain  connection  with  the 
musculature,  has  been  supplemented  by  the  earlier  extirpation  methods 
and  by  pathological  and  embryological  data.  In  the  use  of  this 
method  great  care  must  be  exercised  that  the  stimulation  produced 
does  not  spread  to  other  areas  which  are  not  intended  to  be  stimulated, 
and  this  great  source  of  error  limits  the  use  of  the  method  to  the  most 
skilled  experimenters. 

The  extirpation  method,  a  method  in  which  the  brain  is  exposed 
and  a  part  is  cut  away  or  its  physiological  activity  destroyed  by  cau- 
terization, enables  us  to  collect  data  regarding  not  only  the  motor 
function,  but  also  the  sensory.  By  means  of  this  method  we  are  en- 
abled to  keep  an  animal  alive  for  many  days  or  even  months,  to  note 
its  actions,  and  to  experiment  often  for  a  determination  of  the  charac- 
ter of  its  sensory,  motor  and  associational  processes.  The  clinical  and 
pathological  method,  or  rather  evidence,  is  closely  allied  to  the  extir- 
pation method.  Patients  may  be  observed  for  days  or  weeks,  and  after 
death  the  abnormal  mental  conditions  are  often  found  to  have  been 
concomitant  with  well-marked  lesions  in  the  brain.  A  histological 
examination  often  shows  the  course  of  the  nerve  fiber  tracts  concerned 
in  these  artificially  produced  and  '  normal '  pathological  conditions. 

To  these  methods  Flechsig  has  added  a  fourth.  He  and  other  in- 
vestigators have  determined  the  time  at  which  the  different  parts  of  the 
brain  arrive  at  their  full  development,  and  the  embryological  data  is 
further  correlated  with  the  development  of  various  bodily  and  mental 
processes. 

The  use  of  these  methods  has  shown  (a)  that  the  cortex  may  be 
divided  into  separate  areas  which  control  very  definite  muscular  pi- 
sensory  processes,  (£)  that  the  frontal,  part  of  the  parietal,  and  the 
occipito-temporal  regions  are  probably  concerned  with  the  association 
of  motor  and  sensory  functions,  and  (c)  that  an  animal  may  live  with 
almost  the  entire  cerebrum  lacking. 

The  motor  area  in  the  brain  is  found  to  be  in  the  region  surrounding 
the  fissure  of  Rolando.  Towards  the  lower  end  of  this  fissure  stimula- 
tion produces  movements  of  the  head  and  face,  and  extirpation  causes 
loss  of  voluntary  control  in  those  muscles.  Higher  up  on  the  fissure 
of  Rolando  is  found  the  area  governing  the  movements  of  the  hand 
and  arm,  above  which  is  the  center  for  the  leg  and  foot  and  towards  the 
mesial  aspect  of  the  cerebrum  is  found  the  area  for  the  trunk  muscles. 


421  LOCALIZATION   OF  BRAIN  FUNCTION. 

Bary  (2)  has  attempted  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  motor 
area  can  function  at  birth.  Stimulation  of  the  region  which  in  an 
older  animal  always  produces  movements  of  the  limbs,  he  finds  at 
times  ineffective  on  newborn  dogs,  cats,  rabbits  and  guinea  pigs.  On 
a  newborn  child  Westphal  found  that  stimulation  of  the  brain  did 
not  produce  muscular  movements.  If  both  investigations  are  ac- 
cepted, the  facts  are  significant  to  the  psychologist.  In  the  child  we 
may  have  at  first  only  reflex  movements,  and  later  the  development  of 
the  cortex  permits  voluntary  motions.  In  most  of  the  animals  upon 
which  Bary  experimented  he  found,  on  the  other  hand,  that  move- 
ments can  be  excited  by  cortical  stimulation,  the  connection  of  the 
nerve  cells  with  the  periphery  being  fully  established  within  twenty- 
four  hours  after  birth. 

The  early  experiments  of  Fritsch  and  Hitzig,  of  Ferrier,  of 
Munk,  of  Goltz,  of  Schafer  and  Horsley,  and  of  others  showed  the 
general  position  in  the  cortex  for  the  movements  of  the  various 
muscles.  The  areas  for  single  muscles  were  not  so  well  investigated, 
and  the  attention  of  the  later  experimenters  has  been  directed  mainly 
towards  the  finer  localization  of  the  muscular  control. 

Martin  (14),  experimenting  on  Ornithorhyncus,  found  that  al- 
though the  areas  for  the  groups  of  muscles  are  well  marked  these 
areas  could  not  be  separated  into  areas  for  single  muscles.  Cunning- 
ham (8)  found  practically  the  same  for  the  opossum.  His  results 
show  that  u  cortical  representation  of  the  fore-limb,  of  the  mouth 
and  tongue,  of  the  muscles  of  deglutition  and  of  those  causing  move- 
ments of  the  ear  seem  to  be  well  marked,  although  the  foci  for  the  indi- 
vidual movements  executed  in  these  regions  of  the  body  are  not  sharply 
differentiated."  Precise  local  differentiation  of  individual  movements 
does  not  exist  in  the  opossum  or  in  Ornithorhyncus. 

In  other  animals  and  in  man  it  has  been  found  by  Hering  (10), 
by  Wertheimer  and  Lepage  (22),  by  Lamarcq  (12),  and  by  Bech- 
terew  (3)  that  movements  produced  by  cortical  stimulation  are  coor- 
dinated movements,  not  movements  of  single  muscles.  Hering  (10) 
asserts  that  each  motor  disturbance  which  is  obtained  after  extirpation 
of  any  brain  area  is  not  a  simple  disturbance  but  a  coordinated  muscu- 
lar disturbance. 

The  results  obtained  by  Wertheimer  and  Lepage  are  interesting  in 
the  light  of  some  results  in  cross  education.  They  find  that  stimula- 
tion of  any  area,  normally  producing  a  movement  in  the  opposite  side 
of  the  body,  if  sufficiently  strong  will  also  produce  a  movement  on  the 
same  side.  The  authors  seem  to  think  that  after  the  nerve  fiber  has 
crossed  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  cord  it  may  give  off  a  collateral 


PSYCHOLOGICAL   LITERATURE.  422 

going  to  the  corresponding  muscles  on  the  same  side  as  the  cell  body. 
Were  this  true,  '  cross  education '  would  not  be  '  cross  education,'  but 
would  be  resolved  into  a  direct  education  of  the  corresponding  part. 

The  stimulation  of  the  areas  concerned  in  eye  movements  indicates 
better  than  most  experiments  that  the  areas  for  any  given  muscle  may 
be  distinct  from  others.  Ziehen  (23)  and  Du  Bois-Reymond  and 
Silex  (6)  obtained  simple  movements  of  the  orbicularis  oculi  and  of 
the  recti  and  oblique  eye  muscles,  but  the  conditions  are  not  the  same 
as  for  the  movement  of  other  parts  of  the  body. 

The  results  of  Wissler  and  Richardson  (this  REVIEW,  1900,  VII., 
29)  are  in  harmony  with  the  idea  of  centers  for  coordinated  move- 
ments, but  in  all  these  cases  it  is  difficult  to  determine  whether  the 
coordinated  movement  is  controlled  by  a  distinct  center  or  is  due  to  a 
nervous  discharge  over  the  association  tracts.  Researches  similar  to 
those  of  Bary  and  of  Westphal,  if  tried  on  monkeys  of  different  ages, 
might  determine  this  point,  as  well  as  the  development  of  the  forma- 
tion of  simple  motor  habits. 

Most  of  our  experiments  on  brain  functions  have  been  made  on  ani- 
mals, and  the  troublesome  question  has  always  arisen,  "  How  far  can 
we  apply  these  results  to  man?"  The  question  has  been  answered  to 
a  certain  extent  by  Bechterew  (3),  in  his  recent  confirmation  of  the 
great  physiological  similarity  between  the  brain  of  the  monkev  and 
that  of  man.  On  a  man  who  had  the  brain  exposed,  Bechterew  stimu- 
lated the  motor  region  and  found  that  the  general  order  of  the  motor 
centers  in  man  in  gyri  about  the  fissure  of  Rolando  is  analogous  to 
that  found  in  apes.  The  center  for  the  lower  extremity  lies  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  gyrus  centralis  posterior,  the  center  for  the  upper 
extremity  in  the  middle  part  of  the  gyri  anterior  and  posterior  to  the 
fissure  of  Rolando.  Underneath  the  center  for  the  upper  limb  is  the 
center  for  the  thumb  and  the  fingers,  and  below  near  the  fissure  of 
Sylvius  is  the  center  for  the  face.  The  center  for  the  side  movements 
of  the  head  and  the  eyes,  as  in  apes,  lies  in  the  posterior  part  of  the 
second  gyrus  and  in  its  immediate  neighborhood.  The  center  for  the 
thigh  muscles  lies  in  the  upper  part  of  the  convolutions  anterior  to  the 
Rolandic  fissure,  above  the  center  .for  the  upper  limb.  In  man,  as 
well  as  in  apes,  the  center  for  the  thumb  and  ringers  lies  near  the 
center  for  the  upper  extremity. 

After  extirpation  of  any  motor  center  in  an  animal,  for  example,  a 
dog,  at  first  there  seems  to  be  almost  complete  paralysis  of  the  muscles 
connected  with  that  area.  If  the  area  for  one  of  the  forepaws  is  ex- 
cised, the  dog  is  for  a  few  days  seemingly  unable  to  move  that  limb. 


4^3  LOCALIZATION  OF  BRAIN  FUNCTION. 

This  effect  may  disappear  within  the  course  of  a  few  weeks  and  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  movement  in  that  limb  be  reestablished.  In  man, 
paralysis  due  to  lesion  of  the  motor  cortex  will  not  disappear.  In  ad- 
dition it  is  often  found  in  cases  of  paralysis  in  man  that  the  motor  dis- 
turbance is  often  accompanied  by  a  sensory  defect — in  a  loss  of  tactile 
or  muscular  sensations.  Schafer  (20)  and  Bechterew  (4)  in  their  re- 
cent articles  represent  the  two  views  held  regarding  these  phenomena  : 

(1)  that  the  cortex  about  the  fissure  of  Rolando  is  purely  motor,  and 

(2)  that  it  is  sensory-motor.    Schafer,  holding  to  the  first  of  these  opin- 
ions, would  probably  say  that  the  lesion  in  man  is  almost  never  local- 
ized in  a  small  area  and  that  the  large  area  of  disturbance  may  pro- 
duce many  symptoms  in  addition  to  the  paralysis  without  there  being 
one  center  for  the  different  processes.     Schafer's  conclusion  seems 
based  more  upon  animal  experimentation  and  upon  experiments  which 
appear  to  the  reviewer  inconclusive.     None  of  the  published  experi- 
ments upon  animals  is  of  crucial  value  and  the  view  of  Schiff  and 
Munk,  represented  in  Bechterew's  article,  seems  at  present  most  in 
accordance  with  the  facts.     Much  of  the  clinical  evidence  supports 
the  view  upheld  by  Schafer  that  the  so-called  motor  cortex  is  'motor.' 
Bechterew,  however,  reports  three  cases  from  his  own  clinic,  which 
have  led  him  to  believe  that  this  region  of  the  brain  is  not  purely 
motor,  but  has  also  certain  sensory  functions.     His  conclusion  is  that 
"these  facts  set  aside  all  doubt  that  skin  sensibility  and  muscular  feel- 
ing in  man  have  their  center  in  a  portion  of  the  brain  other  than  that 
usually  assigned  to  motor  function.     This  fact  is  understood  when  we 
consider  that  these  two  qualities  of  sensibility  are  of  considerable  use 
in  voluntary  movement."     In  conjunction  with  the  sensory  disturb- 
ances noticed  after  extirpation  of  a  motor  area,  it  should  be  noted  that 
stimulation  of  a  sensory  area — such  as  the  visual  region  in  the  occipi- 
tal lobes — sometimes  produces  movement  of  the  organs  concerned  in 
the  perception.     This  may  be  due,  it  is  explained  by  the  holders  of 
'  distinct-sensory-and-motor-areas '  view,  to  the  conduction  of  the  im- 
pulse to  the  motor  zone  by  means  of  the  associational  tracts.     All  the 
data  may  be  explained  from  both  points  of  view.     What  seems  to  be 
needed  most  is  some  crucial  experiment,  which  will  permit  of  only 
one  interpretation.     Such  an  experiment,  it  seems,  should  not  be  diffi- 
cult to  devise. 

The  sensory  functions  of  the  cortex  have  been  determined  in  ani- 
mals by  extirpation  and  in  man  by  the  study  of  brain  disease.  Soury's 
admirable  articles  (19)  in  the  Revue  philosophique  review  the  whole 
subject  of  the  seat  of  visual  sensations.  There  seems  to  be  consid- 


PSYCHOLOGICAL   LITERATURE.  424 

arable  unanimity  of  belief  in  considering  the  occipital  lobe  as  the  seat 
of  light  perception.  Closely  connected  with  this  region  are  found  the 
corpora  quadrigemina,  the  pulvinar  and  the  geniculate  body.  Soury 
concludes  that  the  anterior  quadrigeminal  bodies  are  not  essential  for 
visual  perceptions.  Lesion  in  this  region  does,  however,  produce  a 
disturbance  of  eye  movements  and  of  pupillary  innervation.  Degen- 
eration of  the  pulvinar  produces  no  hemianopsia  when  the  geniculate 
body  is  intact,  and  he  thinks  that  the  pulvinar  and  the  quadrigemina 
are  possible  reflex  optic  centers.  Sellier  and  Verger  (17)  find  dis- 
turbances of  vision  after  lesions  of  the  optic  lobes,  some  other  sen- 
sory (tactile)  disturbance,  but  no  motor  deficiencies. 

Lo  Monaco  (15)  noted  no  disturbances,  either  sensory  or  motor, 
following  lesions  of  the  corpus  callosum,  and  electric  stimulation  was 
negative.  Lo  Monaco  (15)  further  noted  the  effects  following  lesions 
of  the  optic  thalami.  The  thalatni  have  been  considered  at  various 
times  sensory  (Luys)  and  motor  (Magendie,  Schiff).  Injury  was 
said  to  produce  movements  of  man'ege,  but  the  author  did  not  notice 
such  in  animals  operated  upon  by  him.  Visual  defects  existed  for  a 
month  succeeding  the  operation,  but  these  finally  disappeared,  as  did 
also  the  tactile  and  pain  disturbances  noted  by  him  immediately  after 
the  operation. 

Andriani  (i),  from  experiments  upon  dogs,  concludes  that  the 
cortical  zone  in  the  region  of  the  fissure  of  Sylvius  and  in  the  subad- 
jacent  white  matter,  and  in  the  hippocampal  gyrus,  comprise  the  parts 
and  centers  for  the  tactile  sense.  The  disorders  noted  after  ablation 
disappear,  however,  in  40  to  50  days.  After  excision  of  the  posterior 
Sylvian  zone  and  of  portions  of  the  hippocampal  gyrus  there  are  found 
slight  transitory  disorders  of  smell  but  no  disorders  of  taste.  After 
unilateral  excision  of  the  limbic  lobe  and  of  the  marginal  gyrus  there 
are  bilateral  disturbance  of  taste  and  transitory  disorders  of  smell. 

Lesions  of  the  posterior  part  of  the  internal  capsule  produce,  ac- 
cording to  Sellier  and  Verger  (18),  in  limbs  of  opposite  side  an 
incomplete  motor  paralysis  with  loss  of  idea  of  the  position  of  the 
limbs,  a  hemianaesthesia  to  touch,  and  a  lack  of  ability  to  locate  pain. 
These  disturbances  are  transitory  like  the  cortical.  They  continue  for 
three  to  six  weeks,  but  later  seem  to  leave  no  trace. 

The  main  contributions  to  our  knowledge  regarding  the  function 
of  the  association  areas  have  come  from  a  study  of  clinical  and  pa- 
thological material.  A  recent  study  by  Winkler l  and  the  article  by 
Clapham  (7)  indicate  that  something  may  be  added  from  the  study  of 

1  Article  not  yet  published.  The  details  were  reported  to  the  present  writer 
by  one  who  has  seen  Winkler's  work. 


425  LOCALIZATION  OF  BRAIN  FUNCTION. 

the  external  configuration  of  the  brain.  A  comparison  of  a  large 
number  of  brains  of  men  and  women  shows  a  greater  development  in 
the  second  frontal  convolution  in  women  than  in  men,  a  greater  de- 
velopment in  emotional  men  than  in  non-emotional  men,  and  a  lesser 
development  in  non-emotional  women  than  in  the  ordinary  woman. 
These  results  would  indicate  that  the  frontal  areas  are  concerned  in 
emotional  processes,  as  would  also  the  clinical  facts,  (a)  the  change 
in  character  (ivirzelsuchf)  and  (b)  the  tendency  to  make  puns  and 
foolish  jokes  (moria),  which  often  accompany  disease  and  injury  of 
the  frontal  lobes.  Experiments  made  by  the  reviewer  on  cats  lead  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  frontal  areas  in  these  animals  are  not  concerned 
in  emotional  states. 

Clapham,  considering  the  following  facts,  concludes  that  the  oc- 
cipital lobe  is  probably  more  concerned  in  the  intellectual  processes 
than  is  the  frontal  lobe — which  is  usually  considered  the  seat  of  intel- 
ligence:  (a)  In  the  lower  races  the  occipital  lobes  are  small.  (3)  In 
vertebrates  other  than  man  the  occipital  lobes  are  small,  (c)  In  the 
individual  this  portion  of  the  brain  develops  late.  (aT)  In  the  insane 
and  in  the  lowest  class  of  the  mentally  deficient  there  is  found  a  very 
small  development  of  the  occipital  lobes,  while  in  idiots  the  frontal 
lobes  are  large  in  comparison  with  the  remainder  of  the  brain.  This 
view  is  supported  by  Retzius,  Carpenter,  Bastian  and  Hughlings  Jack- 
son, and  in  addition  Ireland  and  Flechsig  seem  to  think  that  the  most 
important  part  of  the  brain  for  great  mental  performance  lies  in  the 
posterior  region.  The  comparison  of  brains  of  eminent  men  with 
brains  of  non-intellectual  people  shows  that  in  men  like  Gauss  and 
Helmholtz  the  region  between  the  motor  zone  and  the  visual  area  is 
more  highly  convoluted  than  the  frontal  areas.  This  great  develop- 
ment of  the  parietal  region  is  probably  to  be  associated  with  the  great 
development  of  association  power. 

In  dogs  Larianow  (13)  has  found  in  the  temporal  region  an  area 
which  seems  to  be  concerned  with  perception  of  music  and  lesions  of 
the  corresponding  region  in  man  have  produced  amusie. 

In  conclusion  it  will  be  well  to  point  out  that  although  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  brain  has  been  steadily  broadening,  the  progress  during 
the  past  five  years  has  been  slow  and  in  many  ways  unsatisfactory. 
For  the  present,  the  discovery  of  facts  seems  to  be  more  important 
than  discussion ,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  investigators  will  soon  in- 
vade the  almost  unexplored  field  to  be  found  in  the  three  association 
areas,  and  in  the  cortical  sensory  zones. 

SHEPHERD  IVORY  FRANZ. 

HARVARD  MEDICAL  SCHOOL. 


124  J 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


v^ 

.:? 


DEC  9    tsaa, 

JUN  1     183 


JUL  2  l  1937 
1      19301 


5      1933 

i  7  1933 

M7?  •;.-•- 


193b 

~ 


4     T937 

Form  L-9-35m-8,'28 


DAY  I  3  1943 
SEP  8     1960 

APR  171961 


RECTD  MLD 
JAN     6  1962 

APR  2  0  1954 

1 
MAR        \964i 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 


000880946     9 


